sulla primary sources sulla primary sources

Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's be determined. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Guide. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Encyclopedias. Introduction. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. . Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Click the title for location and availability information. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. 719-549-2333. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Primary Sources Sallust. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Archives; Correspondence Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. Website. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. onwards. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. A primary source (also called original . Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Copyright statement. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Websites. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. Gill. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Wikipedia entry. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. Plutarch, writing much . [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Historical documents : how to read them. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Sulla then duly besieged the city. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. In . There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Primary sources are original . La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente.